Made to move: A review of measurement strategies to characterize heterogeneity in normal fetal movement.

Fetal movement is a crucial indicator of fetal well-being. Characteristics of fetal movement vary across gestation, posing challenges for researchers to determine the most suitable assessment of fetal movement for their study. We summarize the current measurement strategies used to assess fetal movement and conduct a comprehensive review of studies utilizing these methods. We critically evaluate various measurement approaches including subjective maternal perception, ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, wearable technology, magnetocardiograms, and magnetic resonance imaging, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. We discuss the challenges of accurately capturing fetal movement, which is influenced by factors such as differences in recording times, gestational ages, sample sizes, environmental conditions, subjective perceptions, and characterization across studies. We also highlight the clinical implications of heterogeneity in fetal movement assessment for monitoring fetal behavior, predicting adverse outcomes, and improving maternal attachment to the fetus. Lastly, we propose potential areas of future research to overcome the current gaps and challenges in measuring and characterizing abnormal fetal movement. Our review contributes to the growing body of literature on fetal movement assessment and provides insights into the methodological considerations and potential applications for research.

Letter to the Editor: Does fetal movement shape the maternal brain?

Here, we debate that fetal behavior may contribute to the dynamic changes observed in the maternal brain during the perinatal period. We call for future research to explore this perspective to understand the complex maternal-fetal relationship and how fetal signals influence the preparation for parenthood.

Differential effects of lithium isotopes in a ketamine-induced hyperactivity model of mania.

Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine produce an increase in rodent ambulation that is attenuated by co-administration of naturally-occurring lithium (LiN), the drug most commonly employed in the treatment of bipolar illness. As a consequence, ketamine-induced hyperactivity has been proposed as an animal model of manic behavior. The current study employed a modified version of this model to compare the potency of LiN to that of each of its two stable isotopes - lithium-6 (Li-6) and lithium-7 (Li-7). Since Li-7 constitutes 92.4% of the parent compound it was hypothesized to produce comparable behavioral effects to that of LiN. The current study was devised to determine whether Li-6 might be more, less, or equally effective at tempering hyperactivity relative to Li-7 or to LiN in an animal model of manic behavior. Male rats were maintained on a restricted but high-incentive diet containing a daily dose of 2.0 mEq/kg of lithium (LiN), Li-6 or Li-7 for 30 days. A control group consumed a diet infused with sodium chloride (NaCl) in place of lithium to control for the salty taste of the food. On day 30, baseline testing revealed no differences in the locomotor behavior among the four treatment groups. Animals then continued their Li/NaCl diets for an additional 11 days during which every subject received a single IP injection of either ketamine (25 mg/kg) or 0.9% physiological saline. On the final four days of this regimen, locomotor activity was assessed during 60 min sessions each beginning immediately after ketamine injection. While all three lithium groups produced comparable decreases in ketamine-induced hyperactivity on the first trial, by the fourth trial Li-6 animals exhibited significantly greater and more prolonged reductions in hyperactivity compared to either Li-7 and Li. These results suggest that Li-6 may be more effective at treating mania than its parent compound.

Effects of chronic lithium exposure in a modified rodent ketamine-induced hyperactivity model of mania.

Bipolar illness is characterized by periods of "mania" - high energy, irritability, and increased psychomotor activation. While the neurobiological investigation of mania has been limited by the lack of reliable animal models, researchers have recently reported that daily subanesthetic doses of ketamine produce a lithium-reversible increase in rodent locomotor activity. Such studies have typically employed short-term (2 week) exposure to daily intraperitoneal-injected lithium and extremely brief (i.e., 5-min) open-field tests of hyperactivity. To increase the translational utility of the model, the effects of 70-days of orally administered lithium were examined on ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion during 30-min test sessions. Rats consumed 2.0 mEq/kg lithium chloride (LiCl) presented daily in a high incentive food (10 g of peanut butter). Control animals ingested peanut butter infused with an equimolar concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl). After 60 days of treatment, a 30-min baseline revealed no differences in the locomotor activity of LiCl and NaCl animals. During the next 10 days, animals received single daily supplemental injections of 25 mg/kg IP ketamine. A subset of animals was injected daily with saline and served as non-ketamine controls. Behavioral testing on the final two days of treatment confirmed that ketamine administration produced a profound increase in locomotor activity that was significantly attenuated in the LiCl group. Additionally, blood plasma levels of lithium were found to be comparable to low-moderate human therapeutic levels. These data confirm the viability and utility of ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion as a rodent model of mania.

Activation of 5-HT1B receptors in the Lateral Habenula attenuates the anxiogenic effects of cocaine.

Recent work has implicated the Lateral Habenula (LHb) in the production of anxiogenic and aversive states. It is innervated by all the major monoamine neurotransmitter systems and has projections that have been shown to modulate the activity of both dopaminergic and serotonergic brain regions. Cocaine is a stimulant drug of abuse that potentiates neurotransmission in these monoamine systems and recent research suggests that the drug's behavioral effects may be related in part to its actions within the LHb. The present research was therefore devised to test the hypothesis that alterations in serotonin (5-HT) function within the LHb can affect the behavioral response to cocaine. Male rats were fitted with intracranial guide cannula and trained to traverse a straight alleyway once a day for a 1 mg/kg i.v. injection of cocaine. Intra-LHb pretreatment with the 5-HT1B agonist CP 94,253 (0, 0.1, or 0.25 µg/side) attenuated the development of approach/avoidance "retreat" behaviors known to be a consequence of cocaine's dual rewarding (approach) and anxiogenic (avoidance) properties. This effect was reversed by co-administration of a selective 5-HT1B antagonist, NAS-181 (0.1 µg/side), demonstrating drug specificity at the 5-HT1B receptor. These data suggest that 5-HT1B signaling within the LHb contributes to the anxiogenic effects of cocaine.